**In-depth analysis of prostatitis: Identifying acute and chronic bacterial inflammation, prostate pain syndrome, and postoperative sexual psychological adjustment [i]**

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Prostatitis is a common disease in men[i]. Pathogens (such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) can still be transmitted via the urethra[i]. The most common risk factors are catheterization and unprotected rectal sex (penetration of the penis into the anus), as well as lower genital infections following urinary tract inflammation[i]. Sometimes, prostatitis is caused by the spread of bacteria through the bloodstream (hematogenous prostatitis)[i].

Doctors classify prostatitis into acute and chronic types based on its development and duration[i]. Acute prostatitis is mostly caused by bacterial infection, while chronic prostatitis is mainly caused by non-bacterial factors[i]. In some cases, although the pain is caused by the prostate, there is no accompanying infection or other inflammation; this condition is referred to as prostatodynia by doctors[i]. Acute prostatitis is mostly caused by bacterial infection of the prostate, i.e., bacteria invade through the urethra or blood vessels[i]. At this time, the prostate will become partially inflamed[i]. Acute prostatitis often leads to cystitis, which requires immediate treatment to prevent the infection from spreading to adjacent organs[i]. The symptoms of acute prostatitis are mostly sudden fever or even high fever, with high fever and chills, frequent urination and urethral burning pain, small urine volume and urge to urinate again after urination[i]. Typical symptoms also include sacral pain, lumbar pain, and pain in the intestinal area between the rectum and testicles[i]. In addition, the urine may be discolored with blood or pus, and even defecation may be painful[i].

Acute prostatitis can be treated with specific antibiotics, and most cases respond quickly to treatment and are cured[i]. Chronic prostatitis is an infection of glandular tissue[i]. Its causative factors are basically the same as those of acute prostatitis[i]. In some cases, chronic prostatitis may also be a direct consequence of acute prostatitis, and its pain is generally not as severe as that of acute prostatitis[i]. The cause may be bacterial invasion, but only 5% of cases can be identified as bacterial invasion[i]. Other causes include changes in body structure, such as narrowing of the bladder neck or urethra, external mechanical stimulation of the prostate (e.g., cycling or prolonged sitting), or exposure to cold in the lower body[i]. The main symptoms are pain or discomfort in the intestinal area, sometimes radiating to the groin or testicles, burning pain during urination, or pain during ejaculation through the urethra[i].

Men with chronic prostatitis often experience depression because the resulting sexual dysfunction creates a psychological burden [i]. Treatment for chronic prostatitis involves antibiotics for at least six weeks, as well as anti-inflammatory and analgesic medications [i]. For chronic nonbacterial prostatitis or chronic prostatitis pain, it is beneficial to maintain a light diet, eat plenty of vegetables and whole grains, prevent constipation, and avoid alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine [i].

After prostate surgery, many men begin a new phase of life [i]. The changes in sexual function caused by prostate surgery cause significant anxiety for many men [i]. Decreased erectile function can be a blow to many men's self-confidence [i]. Silence and shyness are clearly inappropriate in the face of this situation [i]. The best approach is to have an open conversation with your partner, doctor (or psychologist), which may produce real miracles [i]. Because the ability to experience sex can be maintained after prostate surgery, patients should understand that sexual activity is not limited to erection and ejaculation, but consists of a variety of sexual experiences, and sexual imagination is unrestricted [i]. This understanding is particularly important for some men [i]. In routine prostate surgeries, no negative impact on sexual ability, erectile function, or libido is observed [i].